At the university hospital nurses were required to take the same pre-med courses as the doctors—including anatomy. physiology. biochemistry. and pharmacology.

Modern biochemistry will not listen to the old notion of a vital force—that is only a metaphysical will-o`-the-wisp that leaves us floundering in the quagmire.

They actually did have a remarkable grasp of physiology and biochemistry. and constantly sought to learn more.

Under normal conditions. a survey crew with specialists in physiology. biochemistry. anatomy. radiology. pharmacology and pathology might spend months or even years on a new planet gathering base-line information.